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A longitudinal or compressional wave is characterized by particle motion in the same direction as wave propagation, as from a piston source. Surface waves and plate waves are also used on occasion. Longitudinal waves and shear waves are the most common modes employed in ultrasonic flaw detection. Modes of Propagation: Sound waves in solids can exist in various modes of propagation that are defined by the type of motion involved. In ultrasonic thickness gaging, the theoretical minimum measurable thickness one wavelength. Anything smaller than that will be invisible. In ultrasonic flaw detection, the generally accepted lower limit of detection for a small flaw is one-half wavelength. Wavelength is a limiting factor that controls the amount of information that can be derived from the behavior of a wave. Wavelength is related to frequency and velocity by the simple equation Wavelength: Any type of wave will have an associated wavelength, which is the distance between any two corresponding points in the wave cycle as it travels through a medium. Different types of sound waves (see Modes of Propagation, below) will travel at different velocities. Velocity: The speed of a sound wave varies depending on the medium through which it is traveling, affected by the medium's density and elastic properties. At frequencies in the megahertz range, sound energy does not travel efficiently through air or other gasses, but it travels freely through most liquids and common engineering materials. Human hearing extends to a maximum frequency of about 20,000 cycles per second (20 KHz), while the majority of ultrasonic flaw detection applications utilize frequencies between 500,000 and 10,000,000 cycles per second (500 KHz to 10 MHz). This is the principle of physics that underlies ultrasonic flaw detection.ДЇrequency: All sound waves oscillate at a specific frequency, or number of vibrations or cycles per second, which we experience as pitch in the familiar range of audible sound. These waves will travel through a given medium at a specific speed or velocity, in a predictable direction, and when they encounter a boundary with a different medium they will be reflected or transmitted according to simple rules. Basic Theory: Sound waves are simply organized mechanical vibrations traveling through a medium, which may be a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Additional detailed information may be found in the references listed at the end.ДЎ. It is intended only as an overview of the topic. This paper provides a brief introduction to the theory and practice of ultrasonic flaw detection. Ultrasonic testing is completely nondestructive and safe, and it is a well established test method in many basic manufacturing, process, and service industries, especially in applications involving welds and structural metals.

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High frequency sound waves reflect from flaws in predictable ways, producing distinctive echo patterns that can be displayed and recorded by portable instruments. Since the 1940s, the laws of physics that govern the propagation of sound waves through solid materials have been used to detect hidden cracks, voids, porosity, and other internal discontinuities in metals, composites, plastics, and ceramics.

Of all the applications of industrial ultrasonic testing, flaw detection is the oldest and the most common. OEM Microscope Components for Integration.Semiconductor & Flat Panel Display Inspection Microscopes в–ѕ.

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Automated Detection Technology Software.Aerospace/Wind Blade Inspection Scanners.

Flaw Detectors / Phased Array Flaw Detectors в–ѕ.

Thickness and Flaw Inspection Solutions в–ѕ.

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